Probabilistic Approach of Coastal Defense Against Typhoon Attacks for Nuclear Power Plant     

刘德辅  韩凤亭  庞亮  李华军  谢波涛  王风清 《中国海洋工程》2010,24(2):265-275

With the global wanning and sea level rising, it is widely recognized that there is an increasing tendency of typhoon occurrence frequency and intensity. The defenses code against typhoon attacks for nuclear power plant should be calibrated because of the increasing threat of typhoon disaster and severe consequences. This paper discusses the probabilistic approach of definitions about "probable maximum typhoon" and "probable maximum storm surge" in nuclear safety regulations of China and has made some design code calibrations by use of a newly proposed Double Layer Nested Multi-objective Probability Model (DLNMPM).  相似文献   

Poor fen succession over ombrotrophic peat related to late Holocene increased surface wetness in subarctic Quebec,Canada     

MICHELLE GARNEAU  ALEXANDRE LAMARRE  ÉLISABETH C. ROBERT  GABRIEL MAGNAN  HANS ASNONG  STEVE PRATTE 《第四纪科学杂志》2013,28(8):748-760

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Soil saturation index of salt marshes subjected to spring‐neap tides: a new variable for describing marsh soil aeration condition     

Pei Xin  Badin Gibbes  Ling Li  Zhiyao Song  David Lockington 《水文研究》2010,24(18):2564-2577

Organized spatial distribution of plants (plant zonation) in salt marshes has been linked to the soil aeration condition in the rhizosphere through simplistic tidal inundation parameters. Here, a soil saturation index (ratio of saturation period to tidal period at a soil depth) is introduced to describe the soil aeration condition. This new index captures the effects of not only the tidal inundation period and frequency but also the flow dynamics of groundwater in the marsh soil. One‐dimensional numerical models based on saturated flow with the Boussinesq approximations and a two‐dimensional variably saturated flow model were developed to explore the behaviour of this new soil aeration variable under the influence of spring‐neap tides. Simulations revealed two characteristic zones of soil aeration across the salt marsh: a relatively well aerated near‐creek zone and a poorly aerated interior zone. In the near‐creek zone, soils undergo periodic wetting and drying as the groundwater table fluctuates throughout the spring‐neap cycle. In the interior, the soil remains largely water saturated except for neap tide periods when limited drainage occurs. Although such a change of soil aeration condition has been observed in previous numerical simulations, the soil saturation index provides a clear delineation of the zones that are separated by an ‘inflexion point’ on the averaged index curve. The results show how the saturation index represents the effects of soil properties, tidal parameters and marsh platform elevation on marsh soil aeration. Simulations of these combined effects have not been possible with traditional tidal inundation parameters. The saturation index can be easily derived using relatively simple models based on five non‐dimensional variables. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The climate of Scotland over the last 5000 years inferred from multiproxy peatland records: inter‐site correlations and regional variability     

Peter G. Langdon  Keith E. Barber 《第四纪科学杂志》2005,20(6):549-566

The mid to late‐Holocene climates of most of Scotland have been reconstructed from seven peat bogs located across north–south and east–west geographical and climatological gradients. The main techniques used for palaeoclimatic reconstruction were plant macrofossil, colorimetric humification, and testate amoebae analyses, which were supported by a radiocarbon‐based chronology, aided by markers such as tephra isochrons and recent rises in pine pollen and in spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs). Field stratigraphy was undertaken at each site in order to show that the changes detected within the peat profiles were replicable. Proxy climate records were reconstructed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of the plant macrofossil data and a mean water table depth transfer function on the testate amoebae data. These reconstructions, coupled with the humification data, were standardised for each site and used to produce a composite record of bog surface wetness (BSW) from each site. The results show coherent wet and dry phases over the last 5000 years and suggest regional differences in climate across Scotland, specifically between northern and southern Scotland. Distinct climatic cycles are identified, all of which record a millennial‐scale periodicity which can be correlated with previously identified marine and ice core Holocene cycles. The key role of the macrofossil remains of Sphagnum imbricatum, a taxon now extinct on many sites, is discussed in relation to the identified climatic shifts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Topographically moderated soil water seasons impact vegetation dynamics in semiarid mountain catchments: Illustrations from the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed,Idaho, USA     

Michael J. Poulos  Toni J. Smith  Shawn G. Benner  Jennifer L. Pierce  Alejandro N. Flores  Mark S. Seyfried  James P. McNamara 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14421

Water stored in soils, in part, controls vegetation productivity and the duration of growing seasons in wildland ecosystems. Soil water is the dynamic product of precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil properties, all of which vary across complex terrain making it challenging to decipher the specific controls that soil water has on growing season dynamics. We assess how soil water use by plants varies across elevations and aspects in the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho, USA, a mountainous, semiarid catchment that spans low elevation rain to high elevation snow regimes. We compare trends in soil water and soil temperature with corresponding trends in insolation, precipitation and vegetation productivity, and we observe trends in the timing, rate and duration of soil water extraction by plants across ranges in elevation and aspect. The initiation of growth-supporting conditions, indicated by soil warming, occurs 58 days earlier at lower, compared with higher, elevations. However, growth-supporting conditions also end earlier at lower elevations due to the onset of soil water depletion 29 days earlier than at higher elevations. A corresponding shift in peak NDVI timing occurs 61 days earlier at lower elevations. Differences in timing also occur with aspect, with most threshold timings varying by 14–30 days for paired north- and south-facing sites at similar elevations. While net primary productivity nearly doubles at higher elevations, the duration of the warm-wet period of active water use does not vary systematically with elevation. Instead, the greater ecosystem productivity is related to increased soil water storage capacity, which supports faster soil water use and growth rates near the summer solstice and peak insolation. Larger soil water storage does not appear to extend the duration of the growing season, but rather supports higher growing season intensity when wet-warm soil conditions align with high insolation. These observations highlight the influence of soil water storage capacity in dictating ecological function in these semiarid steppe climatic regimes.  相似文献   

特高压跨区域输电对空气质量的影响研究     

马小会  徐敬  张自银  李梓铭  温维 《气象与环境学报》2022,38(4):136-144

依托“锡盟—济南”特高压输电工程,根据WRF-Chem V3.7大气化学模式系统对北京及周边地区污染物浓度变化进行模拟和评估,设置不同地点、不同高度、不同排放量等,定量化评估特高压跨区域输电工程对受端区域空气质量的影响。结果表明：不同气象条件下,东南小风的情况下,工程对北京大气环境影响范围最大;根据虚拟电厂的高度,对9 m、27 m、46 m、64 m、91 m、130 m、185 m和255 m高度分别评估,发现在电源点附近,对91 m空间层的大气PM_2.5浓度影响最大;远距离输送后,对0—45 m空间高度层的大气PM_2.5浓度影响最大;“锡盟—济南”特高压工程配套电源点对北京地区相关污染物浓度变化影响极小。  相似文献   

泛北极地区植被数据集与制图：回顾与展望     

薛守业  徐海燕  甘子鹏  梁冰妍  种碧莹  王莉  张博  李小明  李莉莎  毛楠  刘桂民  吴晓东 《地球信息科学学报》2022,24(3):421-436

泛北极地区位于北半球高纬度地区,主要属于低温限制型生态系统,因而泛北极地区植被对全球变暖敏感。要明确泛北极地区陆地生态系统对全球变暖响应过程和机理,就需要高精度的植被类型分类数据作为基础资料。但是,目前泛北极地区植被数据的结果还不完善。为更好地认识泛北极地区植被类型分类的现状、发展历史和未来研究方向,本文综述了泛北极地区植被类型制图的数据来源、植被类型划分方法和植被类型制图研究方法。总体而言,泛北极地区的植被调查从20世纪20年代就陆续开展,目前部分区域尺度上的地表覆盖类型的结果,但具体的植被类型制图工作还存在一系列难题。主要原因包括植被野外调查实测数据较少和分布不均、植被类型分类标准不一、苔原植被群落的异质性大、制图技术和分类算法优化困难等。因此,在下一步泛北极植被类型制图工作中,需要制定标准化分类策略,规范数据获取及数据库的整理工作,并发展新的制图方法,从而促进植被类型制图研究工作。  相似文献   

黄岛电厂取水工程潮流泥沙数值模拟   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李孟国  时钟 《海岸工程》2006,25(2):13-21

建立了基于不规则三角形网格的考虑波浪及其破碎作用的二维潮流场和泥沙场数学模型,对黄岛电厂取水海域的潮流场、泥沙场进行了数值模拟和分析,对电厂取水口的泥淤积强度进行了计算。计算结果表明,电厂取水口附近海区流弱水清,取水口泥沙淤积轻微,对电厂取水基本没有影响。  相似文献   

水生动物对植物蛋白源利用的研究进展   总被引：17，自引：1，他引：17  

艾庆辉  谢小军 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(6):929-935

综述了水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用.饲料中植物蛋白水平将显著影响鱼类的生长和生理生化状态.水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用与适口性、消化率和必需氨基酸平衡相关.同进实验动物的种类、食性和发育阶段均会对植物蛋白利用产生一定影响.水生动物饲料中植物蛋白源的适宜添加量主要受实验动物种类和饲料中蛋白质水平的影响.因此,通过添加限制性必需氨基酸和减少搞营养因子可以提高水生动物对植物蛋白源的利用.  相似文献   

秋茄和榕树叶片中正构烷烃分布和单体化合物δ13C值及其光合作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李宝才  董玉莲  李超  周建元  闻克威  盛国英  傅家谟 《热带海洋学报》2003,22(1):62-69

对深圳福田、阳江、海南新竹红树林秋茄Kandelia candel及海口榕树Ficusm icrocarpa叶中类脂物进行萃取,分离出正构烷烃,通过气相色谱(GC)及色谱-质谱(GC MS)分析,测出了正构烷烃的碳数分布和相对含量.气相色谱-稳定同位素比质谱仪(GC-IRMS)测定了正构烷烃单体化合物的稳定同位素组成δ13C.秋茄叶和榕树叶正构烷烃的碳数分布均为C17C33,主要集中在C23-C31(＞90%).化合物含量最高为C27的有深圳福田秋茄、海南新竹秋茄、海口榕树,而阳江秋茄为C25.单体化合物的稳定同位素δ13C深圳福田秋茄为-31.42‰-34.48‰,阳江秋茄为-31.69‰-33.62‰,海南新竹秋茄为-30.30‰-33.04‰,海口榕树为-29.92‰33.56‰;平均值分别为-32.95‰、32.67‰、31.67‰、-31.74‰.结果表明,秋茄和陆地植物榕树的光合作用都是通过C3途径,是典型C3植物.  相似文献